Investment Tax Planning: How to Reduce Taxes On a Big Windfall
January 24, 2025
Cashing in on a big investment windfall feels amazing—like winning a mini lottery for your hard work and patience. But then the reality check hits: Uncle Sam wants his cut, which can feel like a big one. The good news? With a little planning, you can keep more money while staying on the IRS's good side. Here’s how to make that happen.
1. Understanding Tax Implications: The First Step to Saving
Before diving into tax-saving strategies, you must understand what you’re up against. Taxes on investments come in two main flavors:
- Short-term capital gains: These apply when you sell investments held for less than a year. The IRS treats these gains like regular income, meaning they get taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. If you’re a high earner, this rate could be as high as 37%.
- Long-term capital gains: Investments held for over a year are taxed at a lower rate, typically 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on your income level.
Knowing how long you’ve held your investment and what tax bracket you’re in gives you the foundation for planning. Long-term gains save you money compared to short-term gains, so patience often pays off in the tax world.
2. Timing Is Everything: More Taxes on a Lump Sum Payment
One of the simplest ways to reduce your tax burden is to control when you take your windfall. Cashing out your entire investment in one year could push you into a higher tax bracket, meaning you’ll lose more of your hard-earned money to taxes.
Instead, consider spreading out the sale over multiple years. For example, if you’re sitting on a $500,000 gain, selling $250,000 this year and the other $250,000 next year could keep you in a lower bracket. This strategy isn’t always possible—but it's worth exploring if you have the flexibility.
3. Leverage Tax-Advantaged Accounts: Your Secret Weapon
One of the smartest moves you can make with a windfall is reinvesting it in accounts that come with tax benefits. Let’s explore some of your options:
- Traditional IRAs (Individual Retirement Accounts): You can contribute up to $7,000 annually ($8,000 if you’re over 50), and your contributions might be tax-deductible. The money grows tax-deferred, meaning you don’t pay taxes on earnings until you withdraw it in retirement.
- 401(k)s: If you’re still working and have access to an employer-sponsored 401(k), you can defer up to $23,000 annually ($30,500 if you’re over 50). Some employers even allow after-tax contributions that can later be converted into a Roth.
- Health Savings Accounts (HSAs): If you’re enrolled in a high-deductible health plan, an HSA offers triple tax advantages. Contributions are tax-deductible, growth is tax-free, and withdrawals for qualified medical expenses are tax-free. Your health plan, income, and whether you are using a family or an individual plan will determine how much you can contribute to your HSA.
Using a combination of these tax-advantaged accounts can help you put the maximum amount of your windfall out of Uncle Sam’s reach—and they come with the added benefit of growing your retirement savings, increasing your peace of mind.
4. Make Giving Work for You: Charitable Contributions
Giving to others feels good—and it can also give your tax bill a break. Maybe you’ve always wanted to be able to help more with a cause you believe in, or maybe this windfall has inspired you to pay it forward. If philanthropy is part of your financial plan, consider these strategies:
- Direct Donations: Donations to qualified charities are tax-deductible if you itemize your deductions. If you’re donating a large amount, spread the contributions over several years to maximize the deduction. The IRS allows you to deduct your cash donations up to 50% of your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) to many nonprofit organizations or up to 30% to others.
- Donor-Advised Funds (DAFs): With a DAF, you can make a large, upfront donation (and take the deduction immediately) but distribute the funds to charities over time. You’ll need to do more legwork to set up a DAF, but doing so can buy you time to decide where you’d like your money to go. This can be a great way to lock in a big tax deduction in the year of your windfall while giving thoughtfully.
5. Offset Gains with Losses: Tax-Loss Harvesting Rules
Even if you’ve earned big with one investment, chances are you’ve got a few under-performers or downright dud investments lurking in your portfolio. Selling off these irksome investments can create losses that offset your taxable gains.
Here’s how it works:
- Suppose you have a $100,000 gain from your windfall. If you sell other investments at a $20,000 loss, you’ll only owe taxes on $80,000 of gains.
- If your losses exceed your gains, you can use up to $3,000 annually to offset ordinary income, with the remainder carried forward to future years. If you are spreading your windfall over multiple years, this is especially helpful for offloading those lemons and allowing you to balance the loss moving forward.
This strategy works best if you’re already planning to rebalance your portfolio. Just watch out for the IRS's wash-sale rule, which disallows losses if you buy back the same investment within 30 days.
6. Explore Qualified Opportunity Funds (QOFs): Tax Savings with a Purpose
Qualified Opportunity Funds (QOFs) are a powerful way to reduce your tax burden and contribute to revitalizing underserved communities. These funds are part of the Opportunity Zones program, created under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, designed to encourage investment in economically distressed areas.
Here’s how QOFs work:
- Deferral of Taxes: When you invest capital gains into a QOF within 180 days of selling an asset, you can defer paying taxes on those gains until December 31, 2026, or until you sell your QOF investment—whichever comes first.
- Tax-Free Growth: Any new gains generated by the QOF investment are tax-free if you hold the investment for at least 10 years.
Example: Investing in a Qualified Opportunity Fund
Suppose you recently sold some stock and realized $300,000 in capital gains. Instead of paying taxes on those gains immediately, you could reinvest the full $300,000 into a QOF.
Imagine you invest in a QOF that focuses on revitalizing housing in a designated Opportunity Zone in a growing city like Detroit or Austin. Your funds might go toward building affordable housing units or mixed-use developments that bring new life to the area.
Here’s how this could play out financially:
- Deferral: You won’t owe taxes on your $300,000 capital gains until the end of 2026.
- Tax-Free Growth: Over 10 years, your QOF investment appreciates to $500,000. If you meet the holding requirements, you’ll owe no taxes on the $200,000 of new gains.
- Community Impact: Your investment helps create jobs, build housing, and spur economic growth in a community that needs it.
Professional Help Pays Off: How Five Pine Wealth Management Can Help
Cashing out a big investment windfall is not the time to go it alone. Tax laws are complicated, and small mistakes can lead to big bills—or missed opportunities. Five Pine Wealth Management can help you:
- Run the numbers on your options.
- Identify strategies you may not have considered.
- Navigate complex situations, like equity compensation or inherited assets.
You don’t have to figure it all out by yourself. At Five Pine Wealth Management, we can explain your tax obligations and offer strategies to potentially keep more of your money working for you. To see how we can help support your financial goals, send us an email or call us at: 877.333.1015.
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Key Takeaways High earners maxing out 401(k)s at $24,500 are only saving about 8% of a $300,000 income in their primary retirement account. The mega backdoor Roth strategy can increase total 401(k) contributions to $72,000 annually with tax-free growth. A comprehensive approach can create nearly $3 million in additional retirement wealth over 20 years. It's 2026. You're checking all the boxes. You're earning upwards of $300,000 annually, and you're maxing out your 401(k) every year. You've reached the $24,500 contribution limit and feel confident about securing your financial future. Then you realize $24,500 represents less than 8% of your income. Over 20 years, this gap adds up to millions in lost opportunity. Thankfully, you're not stuck with the basic 401(k) playbook. There are sophisticated strategies beyond your contribution limit. 5 Strategic Moves for High Earners with Maxed-Out 401(k)s Here are five sophisticated strategies that can help you build wealth beyond your basic 401(k) contributions. All projections assume a 7% average annual return and are estimates for illustrative purposes. 1. Mega Backdoor Roth Contributions If your employer's 401(k) plan allows after-tax contributions, this could be your biggest opportunity. With employee contributions, employer match, and after-tax contributions, the combined 401(k) limit for 2026 is $72,000 ($80,000 if you're 50 or older). The mega backdoor Roth works because you immediately convert those after-tax contributions into a Roth account, where they grow tax-free forever. The catch: Not all employers offer this option. You need a plan that permits after-tax contributions and in-service Roth conversions. The impact: The available space for after-tax contributions depends on your employer match. With a typical employer match of 3-6% (roughly $10,000-$21,000 on a $350,000 salary), you could contribute approximately $26,500-$37,000 annually. At 7% average returns over 20 years, this creates approximately $1.1-$1.5 million in additional tax-free retirement savings. 2. Donor-Advised Funds for Charitable Giving If you're charitably inclined, donor-advised funds (DAFs) offer a way to bunch several years of charitable contributions into one tax year, maximizing your itemized deductions while still spreading your giving over time. You get an immediate tax deduction for the full contribution, but you can recommend grants to charities over many years. The funds grow tax-free in the meantime. The catch: Once you contribute to a DAF, the money is irrevocably committed to charity. You can't get it back for personal use. The impact: Contributing $50,000 to a DAF in a high-income year (versus giving $10,000 annually) can create immediate federal tax savings of $15,000-$18,500 while still allowing you to support the same charities over five years. 3. Taxable Brokerage Accounts with Tax-Loss Harvesting Once you've maximized tax-advantaged accounts, strategic taxable investing becomes your next move. The key is working with a financial advisor who implements systematic tax-loss harvesting throughout the year. Tax-loss harvesting involves selling investments at a loss to offset capital gains elsewhere. Done strategically, this can save thousands in taxes annually. The catch: Long-term capital gain rates (0%, 15%, or 20%) are lower than ordinary income tax rates, but you're still paying taxes on gains. It's less tax-efficient than retirement accounts, but far better than ignoring tax optimization. The impact: For high earners in the 35-37% ordinary income brackets, the difference between long-term capital gains (20%) and ordinary rates is significant. Effective tax-loss harvesting on $50,000 in annual gains over 20 years could save $150,000+ in taxes. 4. Health Savings Account (HSA) Triple Tax Advantage HSAs offer a unique triple tax benefit: tax-deductible contributions, tax-free growth, and tax-free withdrawals for qualified medical expenses. With 2026 contribution limits of $4,400 for individuals and $8,750 for families, this adds another powerful layer to your strategy. You can invest HSA funds just like an IRA and let them grow for decades. After age 65, you can withdraw the funds for any purpose, medical or otherwise. The catch: You must have a high-deductible health plan to qualify for an HSA. After age 65, non-medical withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income (like traditional IRA distributions), but you still benefit from the upfront deduction and decades of tax-free growth. The impact: Contributing the family maximum ($8,750) annually for 20 years at a 7% average annual return creates approximately $355,000-$360,000 in tax-advantaged savings. 5. Backdoor Roth IRA Contributions Not to be confused with mega backdoor Roth contributions! Even if your income exceeds the Roth IRA contribution limits, you can still fund a Roth through the backdoor method: make a non-deductible contribution to a traditional IRA, then immediately convert it to a Roth IRA. The catch: If you have existing traditional IRA balances, the pro-rata rule complicates things. You may want to consider rolling those funds into your 401(k) first if your plan allows. The impact: Contributing $7,000 annually through the backdoor Roth for 20 years at 7% average annual return creates approximately $285,000-$290,000 in tax-free retirement savings. What Compounding These Strategies Looks Like Over 20 Years Let’s look at approximate outcomes based on a 7% average annual return. 401(k) Only: Annual contribution: $24,500 Total after 20 years: ~$1M 401(k) + Mega Backdoor Roth: Annual contribution: $72,000 Total after 20 years: ~$3M Note: Mega backdoor Roth space varies based on your employer's match. These calculations assume you're maximizing the total annual limit. Comprehensive Approach (under age 50): Mega Backdoor Roth: ~$3.0M HSA: ~$350K-$360K Backdoor Roth IRA: ~$285K-$290K Strategic taxable investing with tax-loss harvesting Total retirement savings: ~$3.6M+, plus taxable investments Comprehensive Approach (ages 50-59): With higher contribution limits and catch-up contributions, total retirement savings can reach ~$4M+ over 20 years. Comprehensive Approach (ages 60–63 with enhanced catch-up contributions) Higher contribution limits during peak earning years allow for meaningful acceleration of retirement savings. The exact impact depends on timing, contribution duration, and existing balances. The Bottom Line The difference between stopping at your basic 401(k) and implementing a comprehensive strategy can approach $3 million or more in additional retirement wealth over time. Why Strategic Coordination Matters These aren't either/or decisions. The most effective approach coordinates multiple strategies while ensuring everything works together. At Five Pine Wealth Management , we help high-earning clients build comprehensive plans that go beyond the 401(k). We coordinate your employer benefits, tax strategies, and investment accounts to create a cohesive approach that maximizes your wealth-building potential. This requires working across several areas: Analyzing your employer's 401(k) plan for mega backdoor Roth opportunities Implementing systematic tax-loss harvesting in taxable accounts Coordinating Roth conversions and backdoor contributions Optimizing your HSA as a long-term retirement vehicle Ensuring charitable giving strategies align with your tax situation Maximizing catch-up contributions when you reach milestone ages As fiduciary advisors, we're legally obligated to act in your best interest. That means we're focused on strategies that serve your goals, not products that generate commissions. Ready to see what's possible beyond your 401(k)? Email us at info@fivepinewealth.com or call 877.333.1015 to schedule a conversation about your specific situation. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Q: Does my employer's 401(k) plan automatically allow mega backdoor Roth contributions? A: No. You need a plan that permits after-tax contributions and in-service conversions to Roth. Check with your HR department. Q: How do I prioritize which investment strategies to use? A: Generally, maximize employer match first (it's free money), then fully fund your 401(k), explore Mega Backdoor Roth if available, max out your HSA, consider backdoor Roth IRA contributions, and then move to taxable accounts with tax-loss harvesting. We can help determine the right sequence for your circumstances.
Key Takeaways Your guaranteed income sources (pensions, Social Security) matter more than your age when deciding allocation. Retiring at 65 doesn't mean your timeline ends. You likely have 20-30 years of investing ahead. Think in time buckets: near-term stability, mid-term balance, long-term growth. You're 55 years old with over a million dollars saved for retirement. Your 401(k) statements arrive each month, and you find yourself questioning whether your current allocation still makes sense. Should you be moving everything to bonds? Keeping it all in stocks? Something in between? There's no single "correct" asset allocation for everyone in this position. What works for you depends on factors unique to your situation: your retirement income sources, spending needs, and risk tolerance. Let's look at what matters most as you approach this major life transition. Why Asset Allocation Changes as Retirement Approaches When you’re 30 or 40, your investment timeline stretches decades into the future. When you’re 55 and looking to retire at 65, that equation changes because you’re no longer just building wealth: you’re preparing to start spending it. You need enough growth to keep pace with inflation and fund decades of retirement, but you also need stability to avoid the need to sell investments during market downturns. At this point, asset allocation 10 years before retirement is more nuanced than a simple “more conservative” approach. Understanding Your Actual Time Horizon Hitting retirement age doesn't make your investment timeline shrink to zero. If you retire at 65 and live to 90, that's a 25-year investment horizon. Think about your money in buckets based on when you'll need it: Time Horizon Investment Approach Example Needs Short-Term (Years 1-5 of Retirement) Stable & accessible funds Monthly living expenses, healthcare costs, and early travel plans Medium-Term (Years 6-15) Moderate risk; balanced growth Home repairs, care and income replacement, and helping grandchildren with college Long-Term (Years 16+) Growth-oriented with a Long-term care expenses, decades-long timeline legacy planning, and extended longevity needs This bucket approach helps you think beyond simple stock-versus-bond percentages. Asset Allocation 10 Years Before Retirement: Starting Points While there's no one-size-fits-all answer, here are some reasonable starting frameworks: Conservative Approach (60% stocks / 40% bonds) : Makes sense if you have minimal guaranteed income or plan to begin drawing heavily from your portfolio upon retirement. Moderate Approach (70% stocks / 30% bonds) : Works well for those with some guaranteed income sources, moderate risk tolerance, and a flexible withdrawal strategy. Growth-Oriented Approach (80% stocks / 20% bonds) : Can be appropriate if you have substantial guaranteed income covering basic expenses and the flexibility to reduce spending temporarily as needed. Remember, these are starting points for discussion, not recommendations. 3 Steps to Evaluate Your Current Allocation Ready to see if your current allocation still makes sense? Here's how to start: Step 1: Calculate your current stock/bond split. Pull your recent statements and add up everything in stocks (including mutual funds and ETFs) versus bonds. Divide each by your total portfolio to get percentages. Step 2: List your guaranteed retirement income. Write down income sources that aren't portfolio-dependent: Social Security (estimate at ssa.gov), pensions, annuities, rental income, or planned part-time work. Total the monthly amount. Step 3: Calculate your coverage gap. Estimate monthly retirement expenses, then subtract your guaranteed income. If guaranteed income covers 70-80%+ of expenses, you can be more growth-oriented. Under 50% coverage means you'll need a more balanced approach. When to Adjust Your Allocation Here are specific triggers that signal it's time to review and potentially adjust: Your allocation has drifted more than 5% from target. If you started at 70/30 stocks to bonds and market movements have pushed you to 77/23, it's time to rebalance back to your target. Your retirement timeline changes significantly. Planning to retire at 60 instead of 65? That's a trigger. Every two years of timeline shift warrants a fresh look at your allocation. Major health changes occur. A serious diagnosis that changes your life expectancy or healthcare costs should prompt an allocation review. You gain or lose a guaranteed income source. Inheriting a pension through remarriage, losing expected Social Security benefits through divorce, or discovering your pension is underfunded. Market volatility affects your sleep. If you're checking your portfolio daily and feeling genuine anxiety about normal market movements, your allocation might be too aggressive for your comfort, and that's a valid reason to adjust. Beyond Stocks and Bonds Modern retirement planning involves more than just deciding your stock-to-bond ratio. Consider international diversification (20-30% of your stock allocation), real estate exposure through REITs, cash reserves covering 1-2 years of spending, and income-producing investments such as dividend-paying stocks. The Biggest Mistake: Becoming Too Conservative Too Soon Moving everything to bonds at 55 might feel safer, but it creates two significant problems. First, you're almost guaranteeing that inflation will outpace your returns over a 30-year retirement. Second, you're missing a decade of potential growth during your peak earning and saving years. The difference between 60% and 80% stock allocation over 10 years can mean hundreds of thousands of dollars in portfolio value. Being too conservative can be just as risky as being too aggressive, just in different ways. Questions to Ask Yourself As you think about your asset allocation for the next 10 years: What percentage of my retirement spending will be covered by Social Security, pensions, or other guaranteed income? How flexible is my retirement budget? Could I reduce spending by 10-20% during a market downturn? What's my emotional reaction to seeing my portfolio drop 20% or more? Do I plan to leave money to heirs, or is my goal to spend most of it during retirement? Your honest answers to these questions matter more than your age or any generic allocation rule. Work With Professionals Who Understand Your Complete Picture At Five Pine Wealth Management, we help clients work through these decisions by looking at their complete financial picture. We stress-test different allocation strategies against various market scenarios, coordinate withdrawal strategies with tax planning, and help clients understand the trade-offs between different approaches. If you're within 10 years of retirement and wondering whether your current allocation still makes sense, let's talk. Email us at info@fivepinewealth.com or call 877.333.1015 to schedule a conversation. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Q: What is the rule of thumb for asset allocation by age? A: Traditional rules like "subtract your age from 100" are oversimplified. Your allocation should be based on your guaranteed income sources, spending flexibility, and risk tolerance; not just your age. Q: Should I move my 401(k) to bonds before retirement? A: Not entirely. You still need growth to outpace inflation. Gradually shift toward a balanced allocation (60-80% stocks, depending on your situation) and keep 1-2 years of expenses in stable investments. Q: What's the difference between stocks and bonds in a retirement portfolio? A: Stocks provide growth potential to keep pace with inflation but come with volatility. Bonds offer stability and income but typically don't grow as much.
